Black women university students in gardening course.

“Let All Be Educated Alike Up to a Certain Point”

Sonja Dümpelmann

For Frederick Law Olmsted and Booker T. Washington, shaping the land stood at the heart of democracy. Yet their pedagogical legacies reveal that landscape architecture enforced racialized divisions between rural and urban, laborer and professional, that affect the discipline to this day.

For Frederick Law Olmsted and Booker T. Washington, shaping the land stood at the heart of democracy. Yet their legacies enforced racialized divisions that affect landscape architecture to this day.

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Cities in Transition

History of the Present focuses on cities facing profound social, political, and environmental challenges.

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Future Archive

Future Archive features the online republication of significant works of 20th-century design criticism and history.

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